Independence Results in Computer Science

Abstract

In this note we show that instances of problems which appear naturally in computer science cannot be answered in formalized set theory. We show, for example, that some relativized versions of the famous P = NP problem cannot be answered in formalized set theory, that explicit algorithms can be given whose running time is independent of the axioms of set theory, and that one can exhibit a specific context-free grammar G for which it cannot be proven in set theory that $L(G) = \sum^{\*}$ or $L(G) \neq \sum^{\*}$.